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Strong Acid Definition and Examples

A strong acid is one that is completely dissociated or ionized in an aqueous solution. It is a chemical species with a high capacity to lose a proton, H. In water, a strong acid loses one proton, which is captured by water to form the hydronium ion: HA(aq) H2O → H3O(aq) A−(aq) Diprotic and polyprotic acids may lose more than one proton, but the strong acid pKa value and reaction refer only to the loss of the first proton. Strong acids have a small logarithmic constant (pKa) and a large acid dissociation constant (Ka). Most strong acids are corrosive, but some of the superacids are not. In contrast, some of the weak acids (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) can be highly corrosive. As acid concentration increases, the ability to dissociate diminishes. Under normal conditions in water, strong acids dissociate completely, but extremely concentrated solutions do not. Examples of Strong Acids While there are many weak acids, there are few strong acids. The common strong acids include: HCl (hydrochloric acid)H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)HNO3 (nitric acid)HBr (hydrobromic acid)HClO4 (perchloric acid)HI (hydroiodic acid)p-toluenesulfonic acid (an organic soluble strong acid)methanesulfonic acid (a liquid organic strong acid) The following acids dissociate almost completely in water, so they are often considered to be strong acids, although they are not more acidic than the hydronium ion, H3O: HNO3Â  (nitric acid)HClO3Â  (chloric acid) Some chemists consider the hydronium ion, bromic acid, periodic acid, perbromic acid, and periodic acid to be strong acids. If the ability to donate protons is used as the primary criterion for acid strength, then the strong acids (from strongest to weakest) would be: H[SbF6]Â  (fluoroantimonic acid)FSO3HSbF5Â  (magic acid)H(CHB11Cl11)Â  (carborane superacid)FSO3HÂ  (fluorosulfuric acid)CF3SO3HÂ  (triflic acid) These are the superacids, which are defined as acids that are more acidic than 100% sulfuric acid. The superacids permanently protonate water. Factors Determining Acid Strength You may be wondering why the strong acids dissociate so well or why certain weak acids do not completely ionize. A few factors come into play: Atomic radius: As the atomic radius increases, so does acidity. For example, HI is a stronger acid than HCl (iodine is a larger atom than chlorine).Electronegativity: The more electronegative a conjugate base in the same period of the periodic table is (A-), the more acidic it is.Electrical charge: The more positive the charge on an atom, the higher its acidity. In other words, its easier to take a proton from a neutral species than from one with a negative charge.Equilibrium: When an acid dissociates, equilibrium is reached with its conjugate base. In the case of strong acids, the equilibrium strongly favors the product or is to the right of a chemical equation. The conjugate base of a strong acid is much weaker than water as a base.Solvent: In most applications, strong acids are discussed in relation to water as a solvent. However, acidity and basicity have meaning in nonaqueous solvent. For example, in liquid ammonia, acetic acid ionizes completely and may be considered a strong a cid, even though it is a weak acid in water.

Mapping the Issue Free Essays

Tammy Lin ENGL 1302 051 Brittain 5/11/12 Trimming the Fat of a Growing Problem Obesity is becoming a major problem to many Americans as well as many people around the world. Being the second cause of preventable death in the United States, obesity increases the risk of numerous adverse health problems including breast cancer, heart disease, type II diabetes, osteoarthritis, colon cancer, stroke, and more. Obesity is defined as an excess proportion of total body fat, with a person being considered obese if his or her weight is twenty percent or more above normal body weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Mapping the Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now A common way to measure obesity is by calculating the body mass index. An individual is considered overweight if his or her BMI is between twenty five and thirty, while a person is seen as obese if his or her BMI is over thirty. With that said, it has been estimated that sixty million Americans twenty years and older are obese, which makes up thirty percent of the adult population; meanwhile, nine million children and teenagers ages six to nineteen are overweight. The number of overweight and obese Americans has increased since 1960, a trend that shows no sign of slowing down. In this paper I will review three main positions regarding the issue of ways to approach the multiplying rate of obesity. First, there are those who advocate for the implementation of fat taxes. With the administration of taxes on unhealthy foods and drinks, this group believes that it will significantly discourage the consumption of such foods and will, in turn, promote healthy and responsible eating. Second, there are those who remain persistent in maintaining the privacy of one’s decision making concerning food intake. With the expansion of diverse kinds of food production, this group considers an individual’s food preference as unique, exclusive, and personal. Third, there are those who believe that lowering the costs of healthy foods will encourage the purchase of nourishing and health-benefiting foods. They embrace the belief that most people would eat healthier if the food was more affordable. The first position is the support of fat taxes. The people who stand in this position are those who are concerned with America’s public health issue today, especially the issues centering on obesity. Lisa Baertlin recently ublished an article on Reuters, an international news agency headquartered in the UK, entitled â€Å"Battle Lines Drawn over Soda, Junk Food Taxes† in response to the the wide-growing obesity epidemic today, with the proposition that fat taxes could help save individuals their health and money. She claims that taxes could help make up for the at least one hundred an d forty seven billion dollars spent on treating diseases related to obesity and fund programs that battle for this issue. According to U. S. lawmakers, soda tax is one of the most probable sources that would most likely be used to tackle healthcare reform. In relativity to the taxing of cigarettes, these people believe that by taxing soda, it would also similarly reduce consumption and its revenue stream; by taxing more than ten percent for beverages, purchases would be cut down by eight to ten percent. According to a recent Thomson Reuters survey included within Baertlin’s article, â€Å"about fifty-eight percent of Americans are willing to bear a tax increase of one percent or more to support healthcare reform† (Baertlin 1), which proves that more than half of American citizens are willing to take a step forward for the promotion of a healthy nation. Writers like Baertlin sympathize with those who are in the center of the public health crisis today, specifically â€Å"overweight adolescents who are starting to suffer problems that used to plague middle-aged adults† (1). Baertlin herself is in favor of administering fat taxes and is certain that levies on fattening foods are an essential factor of any anti-obesity endeavor. The food industry plays a large part in the causes of obesity. Most food companies are culpable of false advertisement, which swallows consumers into their too-good-to-be-true trends. Journalist Karlee Weinmann contributed a piece to Business Insider concerning food companies’ false advertisement. In the article â€Å"14 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Brands Millions†, Weinmann states that for companies that cross the line to making false claims, it can cost millions of dollars, while also having to face public negativity. However, even with all this said, will companies modify their marketing policies for the greater good, or will they uphold their profits as far more important than a consumer’s right to know the truth? More than likely, most brands will continue to false advertise their products, which is why these people in this group believe that fat taxes are efficient in lowering consumption of soda and other health-stripping foods. According to Weinmann, â€Å"there’s a big difference between pushing the truth and making false claims. Is a product really ‘scientifically proven’, and are ‘results guaranteed’? † (Weinmann 1). Food brands such as Activia yogurt, Splenda, Kashi, and Eclipse gum have been caught with such false advertisement scandals; the more unhealthy the food really is, the more beneficial its company would make it seem. Writers like Weinmann identify with those who have been misled by deceitful food claims made by the companies they trusted. Therefore, supporters of fat taxes are certain that the implementation of fat taxes would solve these complications by creating more awareness and heedfulness when consumers purchase junk foods. The second position is the promotion of health education and that one’s food choice should not be hindered or influenced to reduce obesity. The people who stand in this position believe that an individual should have choices in the items he or she buy, and be guilt-free. In the article â€Å"Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Issue† published in International Journal of Preventive Medicine†, writer Amar Kanekar states that the main cause of childhood obesity in today’s public health crisis in both developed and underdeveloped countries is because of the disproportion between the child’s caloric intake and the calories effectively used for growth/development and physical activities. To these people, what we eat is not the sole reason of the cause of obesity; genetic, behavioral, and environmental are all constituents of childhood obesity. Moreover, many health-related risks are present when a child is obese; negative body-image and low self-esteem inevitably result in psychological and social issues. Cardiovascular disease, increased cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure are all possible potential health risks involved and that there is, indeed, â€Å"preventive programs that help regulate obesity by educating individuals about healthy nutrition and diseases† (Kanekar 2). According to a report presented from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in the years of 2007-2008, there was an estimation that â€Å"16. % of children and adolescent in the age group of 2-19 years were obese†¦The data collected for the same period shows that the adolescent (age group 12-19 years) obesity has increased from 5. 0 to 18. 1%† (2). By letting people know about health hazards and the importance of physical exercise, the chance of obesity could greatly decrease. Those who are pro-food-choice would si de with Kanekar in that they believe there should not be any direct government intervention with food costs, but that there should be a public informing of the effects commonly eaten unhealthy foods would result in. Kanekar, Baertlin, and Weinmann all believe that the prevalence of obesity seen in children and adults is increasing and that some form of action must be done. While these writers see and support the benefits of the reduction of junk food intake, Kanekar is more focused on declaring health education, with the hope of lowering BMI and the rate of weight gain. All three authors recognize the importance of lowering consumption of fatty foods, but the position here does not endorse the advocating of fat taxes. The third position is lowering the costs of healthy foods. The people who stand in this position believe that by decreasing the costs of healthful foods sold, there would be a habit shift in the people’s purchases of fatty foods to foods that are much more nutritional. Journalist Katherine Bauer published an article entitled â€Å"Price and Availability Matter† in Room for Debate, a running commentary by outside contributors from The New York Times, where she states the â€Å"lack of access to high quality, reasonably priced fruits and vegetables and other healthful foods has been associated with poorer diets and, in many cases, higher risk for obesity. This is especially true among lower-income individuals whose purchasing habits are more sensitive to the cost of food† (Bauer 1). There is strong evidence that shows a clear impact between change in food access and the pricing on one’s purchasing habits. For example, there are programs that decrease the cost of healthier foods, which resulted in the increased purchasing of the healthier foods. Cheaper prices on healthy foods reduce one’s weight, even if the cost of junk foods remains the same price. A news report conducted from the USDA observed the BMI of children and how it changed in correlation to food prices. It was shown that â€Å"if the price of 100% juice decreases 10%, BMIs decreased . 3%. The same process works for lowfat milk (. 35% decrease) and dark, leafy vegetables (. 28% decrease)† (2). Moreover, Bauer identifies with those who receive low-income and struggle with the purchase of healthy foods, and also with those who believe that it is not only the wealthy that ‘deserve’ the most benefits from the healthy aisles in the food market. Bauer’s views is relatively similar with Baertlin, Weinmann, and Kanekar, in that public attitudes towards obesity and obesity policy should be given much more ttention than it is now, but Bauer herself has a different approach in this matter, especially from Kanekar. She believes that health education may not be sufficient enough to cause a significant awareness in individuals that junk foods should no longer be habitually purchased. Instead, she considers the perspective that by lowering healthy foods, there would be an effective overall change in the nation’s weight and BMI and that the idea would more readily fit within one’s budget. Works Cited Page Baertlein, Lisa. â€Å"Battle lines drawn over soda, junk food taxes. † Reuters [Los Angeles] 1 Sept 2009, n. pag. Print. Katherine, Bauer. â€Å"Price and Availability Matter. † New York Times. (2011): 1-2. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Kanekar, Amar. â€Å"Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Issue. † Int J Prev Med. (2011): 2. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Weinmann, Karlee. â€Å"14 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Brands Millions. † Business Insider. (2011): 1-2. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. lt;www. businessinsider. comgt;. How to cite Mapping the Issue, Papers

Mapping the Issue Free Essays

Tammy Lin ENGL 1302 051 Brittain 5/11/12 Trimming the Fat of a Growing Problem Obesity is becoming a major problem to many Americans as well as many people around the world. Being the second cause of preventable death in the United States, obesity increases the risk of numerous adverse health problems including breast cancer, heart disease, type II diabetes, osteoarthritis, colon cancer, stroke, and more. Obesity is defined as an excess proportion of total body fat, with a person being considered obese if his or her weight is twenty percent or more above normal body weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Mapping the Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now A common way to measure obesity is by calculating the body mass index. An individual is considered overweight if his or her BMI is between twenty five and thirty, while a person is seen as obese if his or her BMI is over thirty. With that said, it has been estimated that sixty million Americans twenty years and older are obese, which makes up thirty percent of the adult population; meanwhile, nine million children and teenagers ages six to nineteen are overweight. The number of overweight and obese Americans has increased since 1960, a trend that shows no sign of slowing down. In this paper I will review three main positions regarding the issue of ways to approach the multiplying rate of obesity. First, there are those who advocate for the implementation of fat taxes. With the administration of taxes on unhealthy foods and drinks, this group believes that it will significantly discourage the consumption of such foods and will, in turn, promote healthy and responsible eating. Second, there are those who remain persistent in maintaining the privacy of one’s decision making concerning food intake. With the expansion of diverse kinds of food production, this group considers an individual’s food preference as unique, exclusive, and personal. Third, there are those who believe that lowering the costs of healthy foods will encourage the purchase of nourishing and health-benefiting foods. They embrace the belief that most people would eat healthier if the food was more affordable. The first position is the support of fat taxes. The people who stand in this position are those who are concerned with America’s public health issue today, especially the issues centering on obesity. Lisa Baertlin recently ublished an article on Reuters, an international news agency headquartered in the UK, entitled â€Å"Battle Lines Drawn over Soda, Junk Food Taxes† in response to the the wide-growing obesity epidemic today, with the proposition that fat taxes could help save individuals their health and money. She claims that taxes could help make up for the at least one hundred an d forty seven billion dollars spent on treating diseases related to obesity and fund programs that battle for this issue. According to U. S. lawmakers, soda tax is one of the most probable sources that would most likely be used to tackle healthcare reform. In relativity to the taxing of cigarettes, these people believe that by taxing soda, it would also similarly reduce consumption and its revenue stream; by taxing more than ten percent for beverages, purchases would be cut down by eight to ten percent. According to a recent Thomson Reuters survey included within Baertlin’s article, â€Å"about fifty-eight percent of Americans are willing to bear a tax increase of one percent or more to support healthcare reform† (Baertlin 1), which proves that more than half of American citizens are willing to take a step forward for the promotion of a healthy nation. Writers like Baertlin sympathize with those who are in the center of the public health crisis today, specifically â€Å"overweight adolescents who are starting to suffer problems that used to plague middle-aged adults† (1). Baertlin herself is in favor of administering fat taxes and is certain that levies on fattening foods are an essential factor of any anti-obesity endeavor. The food industry plays a large part in the causes of obesity. Most food companies are culpable of false advertisement, which swallows consumers into their too-good-to-be-true trends. Journalist Karlee Weinmann contributed a piece to Business Insider concerning food companies’ false advertisement. In the article â€Å"14 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Brands Millions†, Weinmann states that for companies that cross the line to making false claims, it can cost millions of dollars, while also having to face public negativity. However, even with all this said, will companies modify their marketing policies for the greater good, or will they uphold their profits as far more important than a consumer’s right to know the truth? More than likely, most brands will continue to false advertise their products, which is why these people in this group believe that fat taxes are efficient in lowering consumption of soda and other health-stripping foods. According to Weinmann, â€Å"there’s a big difference between pushing the truth and making false claims. Is a product really ‘scientifically proven’, and are ‘results guaranteed’? † (Weinmann 1). Food brands such as Activia yogurt, Splenda, Kashi, and Eclipse gum have been caught with such false advertisement scandals; the more unhealthy the food really is, the more beneficial its company would make it seem. Writers like Weinmann identify with those who have been misled by deceitful food claims made by the companies they trusted. Therefore, supporters of fat taxes are certain that the implementation of fat taxes would solve these complications by creating more awareness and heedfulness when consumers purchase junk foods. The second position is the promotion of health education and that one’s food choice should not be hindered or influenced to reduce obesity. The people who stand in this position believe that an individual should have choices in the items he or she buy, and be guilt-free. In the article â€Å"Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Issue† published in International Journal of Preventive Medicine†, writer Amar Kanekar states that the main cause of childhood obesity in today’s public health crisis in both developed and underdeveloped countries is because of the disproportion between the child’s caloric intake and the calories effectively used for growth/development and physical activities. To these people, what we eat is not the sole reason of the cause of obesity; genetic, behavioral, and environmental are all constituents of childhood obesity. Moreover, many health-related risks are present when a child is obese; negative body-image and low self-esteem inevitably result in psychological and social issues. Cardiovascular disease, increased cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure are all possible potential health risks involved and that there is, indeed, â€Å"preventive programs that help regulate obesity by educating individuals about healthy nutrition and diseases† (Kanekar 2). According to a report presented from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in the years of 2007-2008, there was an estimation that â€Å"16. % of children and adolescent in the age group of 2-19 years were obese†¦The data collected for the same period shows that the adolescent (age group 12-19 years) obesity has increased from 5. 0 to 18. 1%† (2). By letting people know about health hazards and the importance of physical exercise, the chance of obesity could greatly decrease. Those who are pro-food-choice would si de with Kanekar in that they believe there should not be any direct government intervention with food costs, but that there should be a public informing of the effects commonly eaten unhealthy foods would result in. Kanekar, Baertlin, and Weinmann all believe that the prevalence of obesity seen in children and adults is increasing and that some form of action must be done. While these writers see and support the benefits of the reduction of junk food intake, Kanekar is more focused on declaring health education, with the hope of lowering BMI and the rate of weight gain. All three authors recognize the importance of lowering consumption of fatty foods, but the position here does not endorse the advocating of fat taxes. The third position is lowering the costs of healthy foods. The people who stand in this position believe that by decreasing the costs of healthful foods sold, there would be a habit shift in the people’s purchases of fatty foods to foods that are much more nutritional. Journalist Katherine Bauer published an article entitled â€Å"Price and Availability Matter† in Room for Debate, a running commentary by outside contributors from The New York Times, where she states the â€Å"lack of access to high quality, reasonably priced fruits and vegetables and other healthful foods has been associated with poorer diets and, in many cases, higher risk for obesity. This is especially true among lower-income individuals whose purchasing habits are more sensitive to the cost of food† (Bauer 1). There is strong evidence that shows a clear impact between change in food access and the pricing on one’s purchasing habits. For example, there are programs that decrease the cost of healthier foods, which resulted in the increased purchasing of the healthier foods. Cheaper prices on healthy foods reduce one’s weight, even if the cost of junk foods remains the same price. A news report conducted from the USDA observed the BMI of children and how it changed in correlation to food prices. It was shown that â€Å"if the price of 100% juice decreases 10%, BMIs decreased . 3%. The same process works for lowfat milk (. 35% decrease) and dark, leafy vegetables (. 28% decrease)† (2). Moreover, Bauer identifies with those who receive low-income and struggle with the purchase of healthy foods, and also with those who believe that it is not only the wealthy that ‘deserve’ the most benefits from the healthy aisles in the food market. Bauer’s views is relatively similar with Baertlin, Weinmann, and Kanekar, in that public attitudes towards obesity and obesity policy should be given much more ttention than it is now, but Bauer herself has a different approach in this matter, especially from Kanekar. She believes that health education may not be sufficient enough to cause a significant awareness in individuals that junk foods should no longer be habitually purchased. Instead, she considers the perspective that by lowering healthy foods, there would be an effective overall change in the nation’s weight and BMI and that the idea would more readily fit within one’s budget. Works Cited Page Baertlein, Lisa. â€Å"Battle lines drawn over soda, junk food taxes. † Reuters [Los Angeles] 1 Sept 2009, n. pag. Print. Katherine, Bauer. â€Å"Price and Availability Matter. † New York Times. (2011): 1-2. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Kanekar, Amar. â€Å"Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Issue. † Int J Prev Med. (2011): 2. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Weinmann, Karlee. â€Å"14 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Brands Millions. † Business Insider. (2011): 1-2. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. lt;www. businessinsider. comgt;. How to cite Mapping the Issue, Papers

Definitely One Of Most Important Factors †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Definitely One Of Most Important Factors? Answer: Introducation Any organization, that intends to sustain itself in the long run, must ensure that it adopts effective strategies that help it to sustain in the highly competitive market. In the face of cut-throat competition, many companies adopt the low-price strategy, whereby it lowers the price of its products, in order to gain competitive edge over its rivals. The assumption underlying the strategy, is lower the price, the higher will be the demand, and increased sales will eventually lead to increased rate of revenue. However, although the traditional theory of demand states that higher the price, lower accounting demand will be, and vice versa, it is important to critically analyse if lower price will invariably lead to higher profit or not. Price is definitely one of the most important factors, and one of the most vial elements of the 4Ps of marketing, that determine the sales growth of a product. Often companies believe in selling products at highly competitive prices, as it helps them tap the attention of the consumers much easily, and achieve consumer loyalty as well. This is why, many companies lower their prices, allow lucrative discount rates and follow a low-price strategy for each of its products. However, lower price does not necessarily imply higher profit margins. For example, an emerging organization that is still at its growth phase will have to incur various start-up costs that in turn will increase the total overhead cost (Tisdell 2015). In such a situation, if the company decides to reduce its selling price, it will definitely not be able to make profit, as its revenue will be low, while its expenditure will nevertheless be incredibly high. Hence, lower price will not ensure higher profit in all circumst ances. Low price strategy cannot be a long-term plan of any organization, as it does not ensure sustenance in the long run. However, often organizations enjoying a large share of the market, manage to survive with higher profit margins, when they choose to cut their product prices. These large and well-established organizations can effectively employ the low-price strategy, as they can easily survive on low profit margins for the time-being, and thus lowering the product price makes it even tougher for its competitors to compete if they cannot make a profit at those lower prices.Thus, often organizations often lower their prices with the purpose of attracting consumers for a brief period of time, and gaining consumer loyalty, after which it raises its prices, once its competitors are totally knocked out. This form of pricing strategy, also known as predatory pricing strategy can be highly an effective strategy that can be profitable for the recognized organizations to gain consumer loyalty, and attain competitive advantage (Kapur et al. 2016). As more consumers will be attracted to the low-priced products, they will tend to buy greater number of the products that is likely to enhance the sales volume as well, and contribute to the higher profit margins as well. There is no gain stating the obvious fact that often an increase in the price leads to the reduction of sales volume, as in a highly competitive market, the consumers will tend to look out for cheaper alternatives. On the other hand, despite the decrease in sales volumes, it may increase the profit margins, simply because the product sold to a limited consumer base, is sold at a higher cost, and the perceived value they attach to a high-priced product is irreplaceable. In order to illustrate the point, one can refer to the pricing strategy and profit margins of Apple and Samsung. Apple has always maintained a high price point strategy, whereby it does not reduce its price in order to attract consumer attention. On the other hand, economics, a strong rival of Apple, nevertheless offers a very similar feature-set and design flairs, and offers it at a lower price (Armstrong et al. 2015). Yet the profitability of Apple is unsurpassably high. The reason behind the high profitability of Ap ple, is the hype it creates amongst its consumers regarding the quality of its premium-priced products. While lowering the price can definitely increase the consumer demand for a brief period of time, most of the consumers will tend to devalue the quality of the brand. This perceived value of the brand will determine the sales growth in the long run. No matter what, but there will always be cheaper alternatives available in the market, and hence there is always a chance for the consumers to switch to the even cheaper product selling companies. The lower price strategy often affects the consumer brand perception in a negative way. Research reports have suggested that lower price is associated with lower perceived brand quality that affects the sales growth of the company, in the long run (Nagle et al. 2016). It in an undeniable fact, that a company that offers products at a lower price than before, will tend to compromise with the quality of the product (Natenberg 2014). It should be remembered that lower price does not essentially imply higher profit margin. On the contrary, it can ensure higher profitability, if and only the sales number remains constant. A company reducing its price by lowering the quality of its products, will not be able to sustain in a competitive market, and will be led to net loss. It is important to note that lowering the product price can definitely entail higher profit, for a short span of time. This is especially profitable for companies that are still in the introductory stage of product life cycle, or for companies trying to penetrate a new, competitive market. This pricing technique is known as penetration pricing strategy, whereby an organization sets a comparatively low initial entry price, that s most often lower than the eventual market price, in order to attract potential customer base. The strategy is implemented with the belief that the consumers will be tempted to switch to the new brand because of the lower price.However, in the long run, the company will have to increase its price, so that its brand value does not get misinterpreted by the consumers, and it can improve product quality in the coming years. It should be noted that even if a consumer is asked to buy the same product offered by three brands at $20, $50 and $500, people will not sim ply buy the first brand, but will rather carefully research the unique qualities offered by the most expensive brand. Hence, price determines the customers perception of a brand, and hence low price can affect sales in a negative way. Hence, the company can offer high quality products, and employ a premium pricing strategy, to attain product differentiation, and still make huge profits. The key to success is just to prove to the consumers that the product quality justifies a premium price. Reference List: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015. Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Kapur, P.K., Kumar, V. and Shrivastava, A.K., 2016. Strategic Price, Warranty and Profit Maximization Model of a Software Product Using Dynamic Optimization.International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering,23(01), p.1650002. McDonald, M. and Wilson, H., 2016.Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Nagle, T.T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 2016.The Strategy management and Tactics of Pricing: New International Edition. Routledge. Natenberg, S., 2014.Option volatility and pricing: Advanced trading strategies and techniques. McGraw Hill Professional. Tisdell, C.A., 2015.The theory of price uncertainty, production, and profit. Princeton University Press.

Affect Of Media Violence On Children Young People Essay Essay Example

Affect Of Media Violence On Children Young People Essay Essay Peoples s wretchedness going amusement, that s what s unsafe. And that seems to be the topographic point we re traveling. I worry about Media Violence ( George Clooney ) . Media have a important impact on kids, because they are in the phase of growing. How media force affect kids lives? Children are like sponges, when it comes to achieving cognition. In recent old ages the media s job addition and impact our kids. Often in phases of growing, the kids need to larn from a usher to cognize how to act and cover with people around them, for illustration, telecasting shows in which 1000000s of channels, including utile and which has an inauspicious impact on the kids, so as to take to fickle behaviour and unexpected. Imagine if kids lose the Television for illustration, what will go on? Undoubtedly miss their favourite plans and lifes because of that media watercourse to see what is traveling on around them, but the media became a major beginning for the formation of the behaviour of kids and we ca nt disregard such a job. When kids watch or hear something on the media early affects them in some manner for long term or short term. The wrong believing manner may take to hold emphasis that make them to the oncoming of many different symptoms like force. Media plays a strong function on kids behaviours. One side of people argue this phenomenon and believe that the media does nt impact on kids because of parent s control, but from the other side see that the media has a important consequence on kids with parent s counsel. The authorities should step in to forestall this job from distributing and to protect kids from being affected. Many research before 1990, Confirmed that kids learn violent behaviour and determining their values by media. ( Villani, July 1996 ) . In this check I had prepared a study that shows how the media affects our kids. Does media force consequence our kids? We will write a custom essay sample on Affect Of Media Violence On Children Young People Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Affect Of Media Violence On Children Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Affect Of Media Violence On Children Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As can be seen from the chart above all interviews recorded that they believe media has an consequence on our kids ( Tarish, 2011 ) . Tarish, Z. Interviews conducted with pupils and installation members on 15 March 2011 at Gulf University for Science and Technology, West Mishref, Kuwait Government must develop Torahs to cut down force in our kids because of their negative effects, and the most of import grounds for this job: ( 1 ) increased feelings of ill will, ( 2 ) less sensitive to the others pain and increased sloppiness of people feelings, ( 3 ) feelings of anxiousness and impotence, and ( 4 ) credence of force. Government must but Polices to cut down this phenomena because media force became a new job to human race. These constabularies must include of many Torahs such as: Prevent the transmittal of media force and besides prevent the sale of video games that contain force and set category that learn the parents how to command their kids and Maintain them from this job. This will diminish media force a batch and larn the kids how to command their lives With parental control. adverb thereof preposition in at on within during by among Reason ( 1 ) show that media force addition the feelings of ill will. ( What is ill will, How the kids become susceptible to hostility? ) . Hostility it s anger inside the human organic structure and appears with emotion and tenseness. kids can take bad behaviour through the telecasting or picture games and take them to incorrect believing that lead to emphasize and to the oncoming of many different symptoms like force. The wrong thought that impact by media force Affected by the kids from the emotional facets, mental and societal. So in this attention they will lose everything that help them to growing. Emotional facets like holding emphasis, Anxiety and deficiency of slumber and the feeling of comfort and safety taking to the outgrowth of disease adversely affected their wellness. Mental facets that cause kids to pretermit their surveies and engage in drama or watching the plans that appear on Television. Finally Social facets and it s the most of import facets for the growing of k ids. At this phase kids ready to accept anything against them and watching Television with such violet s plans or games, they will go motivated to several things, including: isolation with friends and household and commit behaviour could impact around them. Media will make kids to risky behaviour because it s include scenes of offense against others. In the long term these ListenRead phoneticall.kfkjfA Dictionary Position elaborate dictionaryscenes will increase kids s effects and do violent behaviour through imitation. There is an of import grounds demoing that extended Television screening among kids is associated with subsequent aggressive Acts of the Apostless. Besides it can increase a kids s aggressive behaviour by violent films that increase hostile feelings and the handiness of aggressive ideas. Research workers suggests that force in video games may be more to kids s aggression than watching scenes violent Acts of the Apostless on Television. Harmonizing to this suggestion ( Cesarone, 1994 ) . This research shows that the consequence of force on the media such as ( Television, picture games and some magazines were greater for grownups than for kids but in the long term effects were greater for kids than for grownups. This consequences shows the relationship between aggressive behaviours and media. Hence it s clear that the media through the Television and picture games have the biggest impact on kids. We ca nt disregard the fact that what kids see on telecasting, in the films, over the Internet and in the picture games they are playing, has an impact on the manner they behave, Rep. Markey said. So in this instance parents should do functions for their kids to cut off this phenomena and diminish the rate of watching Television or playing video games. Another survey by ( Goldstein, 1998 ) shows the relationship between media force and in increased ill will, it s begin with chosen a group of misss and male childs, who their ages ranged between 9-11 to play video games, and the Department the group of male childs into two classs the first class for playing a athleticss game violent and the other playing soldierly humanistic disciplines really violent and after playing so told the first class to read 5 narratives of the provocative and the other consequences were non. Finally the y found that kids who play really violent game is effected more than the other class. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary Position detailed dictionary Reason ( 2 ) kids become less sensitive to the hurting and do nt care about others around them. Children, such as the sea swallows everything, in this instance when kids watch Television they have desire to cognize everything and learn from it.For illustration movies for force or slaying, they seeking to cognize how he or she kill person and where, there will be thousand of inquiries in their heads. On the other manus they will non hold a sense of all people around them, so they become lone and do nt wish blending with people around them. With the transition of clip, they will hold a condemnable inclinations after that they become a felons. Criminals are the 1s who lives in the difficult conditions, for illustration: they have no 1 take attention about them, no one expression for them and deficiency of parental control these all leads to offense. In some bloody scenes on telecasting or picture games, the kids may hold weaken and frozen bosom and easy affected by all the things around them, how if frozen? They become more violent towards people around them and do nt care about their feelings. Some shops everyplace in the universe sells films or games for kids, titled slaying and bloodshed.The length of clip kids will play video games about 20 hours with no hyperbole and this affects them, non merely their thought and their heads and either pretermiting their surveies Where is the parent s control? . May parents do nt care about their kids and allow them make whatever they want, this is the job that led the kids imitate all they watch or hear. Reason ( 3 ) is that the media force increase the rate of the offense and slaying that affect direct our kids. It s besides a message for the kids that the universe is a unsafe topographic point for them, so thought that they are powerless against it. In this instance they will be worry about themselves and afraid from all people around them and they wo nt be free to play like others. Free drama is necessary to kids for many grounds such as acquisition and turning. Harmonizing to ( Alberta teacher,1999 ) that shows that, kids will hold wellness consequence by media force such as: ( 1 ) experience incubuss and kiping upsets, ( 2 ) blood force per unit area because they are under a stress force in the media may besides increase frights and anxiousnesss, thought that they will go the following victim of a violent act. Children are gift from God we must take attention about them from the force on media that increase the rate of wellness job and the rate of offense. Some research shows th e rate of force through watching Television, One of this research for ( Bryant, Carveth,1981 ) who asked university pupil who was chosen as a randomly group for watching Television to cognize the affect on them. Few viewing audiences were asked to watch telecasting less than the others. And he asked to viewing audiences to watch at least 28 hours per week. , and after six hebdomads they found that, heavy viewing audiences admitted and believed that they were affected by media force and they are more likely to encephalon hurt and the impact it because of force. Reason ( 4 ) is non merely kids will hold aggressive behaviour when they exposed for media, besides they will go more accepting of force in existent life. Some research has suggested that there is a nexus between telecasting and force on the lives of kids and it s began with the Vietnam War that was the most dissentious and longest war in America s history. These images that was presented on telecasting and scenes that were in the war affected the kids negatively and the nescient think that these scenes of bravery ( Sean McCleneghan, J, 2002 ) . One fact should non be in difference: media is violent! Guns, bombs, atomic arms, killing guiltless people and colza and offenses spread throughout the universe offered by media. Like I mentioned earlier that the kids by playing video games Affected by something definite scenes in it is possible to be a attempt to copy assorted ways and can be applied to the companions or couples or friends or even household, it can be grown in their heads un til they reach the age at which possible to bask the full scope powers for the direction to make this sort of force behaviour, for illustration, President Saddam Hussein is the president of the Republic of Iraq antecedently was a adult male slayer, and Whoever sheds the blood of discharge and a condemnable and offered many channels of a bloody and violent scenes full of blood. Is it possible that this individual had been exposed to scenes of violent in the laying in the early age ( when he was a kid ) and go such as this felon who have heartless and no feelings so it is possible to these scenes that show on telecasting that the impact on kids and change their behaviour. A survey by ( Kaufman, R,1998 ) , it explained the degrees of force, which is broadcast by telecasting has been shown in the undermentioned illustration. ListenRead phoneticallA Dictionary Position detailed dictionary preposition with concurrence and while 8:00-9:00 PM 1998 2002 Battle 44 % 32 % Blood 0 % 9 % Guns A ; Other Weapons 29 % 38 % Clangs, Explosions, Fire 6 % 5 % Menaces of Violence 7 % 5 % Graphic Word pictures 10 % 1 % Deaths Depicted 4 % 5 % Deaths Implied 0 % 3 % Anguish 0 % 2 % This shows that kids learn media force through Television specially the films that have contending so they will copy this scene in existent life and destruct it. Another range found that media force addition aggressive heights, value and behaviour, for kids. ( Murray, J,1994 ) . However, some critics argue that no demand to parental control on kids because they believe that the scenes that show on telecasting is non world, and with clip kids become to experience safe and believe that scenes merely for merriment and it s ca nt go on abroad, so that it do nt impact on the kids lives. The other expostulation is that media and agencies of conveyance events that occur in the State or outside the province do nt impact our kids s wellness and behaviour. My answer for the first expostulation is that many surveies show that there are many side consequence on the kids s life I will advert two of them: The first research confirmed that the manner the media ( telecasting ) over the past 30 old ages that there is a relationship between telecasting and kids s behaviour and stressed that the media have the consequence of three facets: the force and sensitiveness and fright ( John, P,2001 ) . The other answer is that I agree that the channels are utile for sing external events, but the media negatively affected the kids s wellness like holding emphasis and non comfy as I mention above. Through the presentation of films and games more interesting and exciting to pull kids and have this affect on the mind and behaviour of kids. There are kids have an natural behaviour since childhood to accept this sort of behaviour. And by the controlled media, it lacks the art of covering with the kid decently because most of the media aimed at fiscal additi on, non kids. In decision, we Ca nt project all the incrimination on the media, but it s the manner for kids to accept such a force behaviour, whether from Television or picture games. The media has been affected greatly on kids as more hostile feelings to others and the trouble of emotion, hurting and increase feelings of fright and disablement and eventually accept force in their lives. The authorities should take necessary steps to forestall such scenes and the development of controls and ordinances to cut down this job. In my sentiment the authorities should forestall such scenes in the daylight, for illustration in order they must alter the clip of the grownup s plans so that the kids ca nt watch, and allow it exposure at dark. Stop film s purchasers and video games to forestall to sale films and games that represent a signifier of force, whether few or many. We ca nt pretermit the function of parents, excessively, in work outing such jobs and cut down them through the exchange of thoughts, a dvice and counsel and to reply their inquiries asked in connexion with the force and they must be answered adequately in order to accept the kid. One of the surveies found that parents have strong influence to forestall their kids and cut down this phenomenon, which negatively affected the kids through engagement with their kids: ticker with them the plans they watch and besides remark. One the other manus there is other manner to forestall our kids by taking the channels for them that do nt air images and violent scenes ( L. Rowell Huesmann,1977 1992 ) . Finally, parents should hold to develop a day-to-day plan for kids and the division of clip, for illustration one to two hours let the kids watch the Television and one survey and one hr to play video games with the proctor what they see and bar plans that negatively affected them, and in this instance the job can be resolved in footings of the authorities by coercing and commanding and developing the Torahs that cut down this phe nomena.

Best Years of Our Lives

Best Years of Our Lives Homer Parrish is a character in the movie â€Å"Best years of our lives†. The movie chronicles the lives of three soldiers returning from the war. Homer Parrish is returning from the war with severe injuries that have resulted in both his arms being amputated. Therefore, Homer has to adjust to both the civilian life and his disability. Other characters in the movie are Al Stephenson a middle-aged family man who worked as a loan officer, and a scarred Fred Derry who served in the Air force.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Best Years of Our Lives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Homer’s personality is well highlighted throughout the movie. For instance, his numerous encounters with other characters especially his fiancà © give great insight into his personality. The first trait in his personality is extroversion. Right from the beginning, Homer’s character is outgoing, talkative, energetic, and en thusiastic. All these traits are synonymous with extroversion. For example, in the scene where Mr. Mollett approaches him with a question, his answer is riddled with humour and sarcasm. This conversation is just one among many in which Homer uses skilled humour. Homer’s character is also very talkative. He is not intimidated by any of the people he encounters. Even when he is trying to cut his girlfriend loose, he still does it talkatively. Another trait that points towards Homer being an extrovert is his use of gestures and facial expressions. His personal warmth is what makes his friend Fred volunteer to be the best man at his wedding. Following these examples, it can be speculated that Homer has an extroverted personality. Another trait used in determining a person’s personality is one’s agreeableness. This trait shapes a person’s trust, forgivingness, generosity, and kindness. Homer’s agreeableness is mostly on the negative side. When he gets i nto an argument with a customer at the soda store, the confrontation ends in a physical altercation. This incident points towards lack of agreeability. Another manifestation of this trait is his distrust towards his girlfriend Wilma. While Wilma insists that she is okay with Homer’s condition, Homer takes a long time to believe her. Homer also has a neurotic personality. This personality trait is highlighted in various instances. At the beginning of the video, there are several instances when Homer pities himself. In another incident, he compares himself to a baby. This self-pitying is synonymous with neurotic personalities.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also clear that from the way he answers people self defensively, he has neurotic tendencies. Fluctuating moods are also associated with neurotic persons. During most of his conversations with Wilma, this trait is evident. A neurotic personality is also susceptible to depression, hostility, and anxiety. Homer’s personality is mostly open. The openness is witnessed in various incidences. For instance, there is a scene where he insightfully explains to Wilma why they should not be together. This openness is also portrayed by Homer’s unusual thought process. His mind seems to wander off in unusual thoughts. Homer is a Conscientious person. This is why after coming back from the war he decides not to carry on with his marriage to Wilma because of his disability. When the plane is landing in their hometown, Homer takes the moment in and has high aspirations. All these scenes portray Homer as a Conscientious person. Homer acts as the main protagonist in the film. However, all his actions are motivated by things that happened either before or after his military accident. These same actions are also pivotal in shaping Homer’s personality. Right from the beginning, it see ms like Homer is going to have the hardest time readjusting owing to his age and disability. However, Homer seems upbeat about his chances even with his artificial arms. When explaining what led to the loss of his arms, he says he had no idea a shell was coming their way. This indicates that one of the things that motivate him is the knowledge that his disability was not because of his mistake. According to him, his disability was just an unfortunate incident. Another thing that motivates Homer is the fact that even though both his arms were burnt off, his prosthetics work just fine. In the bar, he even shows Mollette that he can scoop ice cream with them. This gives him motivation as he feels he is lucky for the second chance. Before the war, Homer was a young and energetic young man. At that time, he was engaged to Wilma. In school, he played football in the enviable position of a quarter back. He also lived with his parents as a contributing member of the family. These issues con tributed to his later development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Best Years of Our Lives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a football player, he learnt how to put up a fight and capitalize on the chances he got. This possibly explains why he is not about to give up on his ambitions now that he is disabled. He also understands that one of the reasons Wilma was attracted to him was because of his abilities. This fact motivates him to abandon his relationship with Wilma. When Homer is touching ground at his hometown, he is upbeat about everything else in his life except for his relationship with Wilma. He is convinced that his fiancà © will feel differently about him now that he is disabled. In response to this threat, he becomes withdrawn and hostile towards Wilma. No matter how much she tries to make it work with him, he is resolute about ending this relationship. In a final attempt to convince himself that she is still not comfortable with his condition, he unhooks his hands in front of her. When this gesture does not perturb her, he becomes convinced that she really cares for him. Homer’s is not easily threatened even when he faces probable defeat. This is why in the drug store he stands up against the arrogant customer. He is also not moved when Wilma threatens to move to another town. Homer is an outgoing person and has several acquaintances. Most of his relationships are cordial. However, his condition puts a strain on most of his relationships. Before his accident, Homer had a good romantic relationship with Wilma. However, after the accident the relationship becomes one-sided. Homer lives with his parents and other siblings. Before he became disabled, they all considered him an able-bodied young man and a great asset to the family. After the accident, the relationship becomes dominated by pity and curiosity. For instance, at one time his sister gathers her friends and they al l spy on how Homer is coping with his new hands. His relationships with fellow veterans are more stable because most of them understand his condition. Fred even volunteers to be the best man at his wedding.